TNF and muscular atrophy: In addition to TNF-α and NF-κB [44,45], an array of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) [46], various chemokines, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) [46,47], and the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) [46], has been implicated in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle atrophy in T2DM.