VEGFA and neoplasm: Novel therapies, such as immunotherapies (IT), including anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and nivolumab, and drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as bevacizumab, are being explored, but their efficacy in GBM treatment remains mixed [36,37,38] due to the tumor’s low mutational burden and immunologically cold nature [39].