INHBE and Nematoda infectious disease: Also, because H. bacteriophora infection or injection of H. bacteriophora rSCP substantially upregulates Diptericin-A expression in Daw loss-of-function mutant flies, we postulate that certain entomopathogenic nematode infection factors, such as the H. bacteriophora SCP, are capable of altering the immune signaling in D. melanogaster when the Activin branch is inactivated.