To examine whether certain H. bacteriophora secreted proteins modulate the signaling capacity in the fly, we have injected 7 ng in 69 nl of H. bacteriophora rSCP (it corresponds to the amount produced by approx. 100 H. bacteriophora axenic nematodes during infection, unpublished data) into w1118 wild-type flies (Control) and used qRT-PCR and gene-specific primers to test the activation levels of TGF-β and Imd signaling in adult D. melanogaster. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.