Elevated levels of NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved caspase-1 proteins are observed in the substantia nigra of the brains of PD patients and in multiple PD models, including 6-OHDA−administered mice, dopaminergic neuron-specific Tfam–/– (MitoPark) mice, and α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)−injected mice. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.