Notably, since acute concussion diagnosis currently relies only on physical examination results, the Abbott diagnostics of GFAP and UCH-L1 from venous blood, and clinical behavioral observations [74], discovering quantitative-based measurements such as serum/plasma biomarkers and exosome dimensions may contribute to improved detection and understanding of the long-term effects of multiple rugby career concussions in retirement and better prophylactic care provision. Here, GFAP is linked to brain injury.