The effects of CXCL1 may be either indirectly mediated, by reducing TGF-β content, or directly mediated, as is the case of epithelial malignancies in which high levels of CXCL8 enhance neo-angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling to promote a microenvironment conducive for additional tumor growth and metastasis [47]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.