CD4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Recently it was shown that Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SD1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD11 attenuate inflammation and β-cell death in streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetic mice, preserve islet integrity and increased β-cell mass, upregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl2, as well as prevent infiltration of macrophages, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells into the islets [53].