Expressions of the upregulated genes listed in the interferon signaling pathway (interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 [Ifnar1], Ifng receptor 1 [Ifngr1], and interferon regulatory factor 1 [Irf1]; Figure 5A, red circles) were examined in palovarotene-treated osteochondromas. Here, IRF1 is linked to Osteochondroma.