Via the activation of M3-mAChR, choline can decrease angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes [56], maintain intracellular levels of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS), reverse the effects of Ang II on atrial natriuretic peptide and beta-myosin heavy chain levels in cardiomyocytes, and reduce upregulated levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) in Ang II-induced CH [21]. Here, NPPA is linked to cyclic hematopoiesis.