Upregulation of M3-mAChR expression was reported to attenuate increased expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and the β-myosin heavy chain in Ang II-induced CH [21], improve left ventricular hypertrophy and ejection fraction [104], protect against CH by downregulating expression of Ang II receptor type 1 [20], and normalize dysregulated expression of the anti-hypertrophic factor miR-133a [105]. Here, NPPA is linked to cyclic hematopoiesis.