TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Notably, the pro-inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), NF-kB, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) contribute to the chronic inflammatory state of T2DM and are significantly elevated in patients with diabetes [28,29,30,31].