COL1A1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In fact, curcumin, polydatin, quercetin, and hesperetin can increase the levels of the pro-osteogenic markers COL1A1 and ALP and inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzymes caspase 1 and DPPIV, which play a fundamental role in the development of the insulin resistance condition in T2DM (Figure 3).