TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, kaempferol can increase the levels of GLP-1 to counteract the detrimental effects of T2DM and is able to increase the RUNX2 levels and the CAT and SOD activity to exert pro-osteogenic effects and antioxidant effects, respectively, while neohesperidin can reduce the levels of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and concurrently increase the levels of β-catenin to exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic effects (Figure 3).