SP1 and cardiac arrhythmia: Therefore, future research should focus on the following key areas to enhance our understanding of specificity protein 1 (SP1) in cardiac health: mechanism elucidation (how SP1 contributes to inflammation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury to develop targeted treatments), genetic impact (key role of SP1 in gene regulation related to coronary atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling to identify therapeutic targets), effects of SP1 in cardiac conditions (cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies, and vascular diseases), as well as arrhythmias and cardiac regeneration.