TGFB1 and neoplasm: In one study, homogeneous physical doses of 35 Gy (toxicity study) or 15 Gy (tumor control study) were delivered to the right posterior leg of mice using the proton beam pair at different dose rates for FLASH-RT and conventional radiotherapy, and the results showed that plasma and cutaneous TGF-β1 levels, cutaneous toxicity, and leg contractures were significantly reduced in the FLASH group compared to the conventional group of mice.