REN and hypertensive disorder: Thus, in a meta-analysis published in 2023 that includes data collected from 20 studies that included 2828 participants, it is shown that patients with obstructive sleep apnea not only have higher levels of the components of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, but also have higher values of blood pressure and heart rate compared to those without this pathology, even among patients without treatment-resistant hypertension [25].