BDNF and Parkinson disease: Similarly, combination of rTMS with hMSCs in Parkinson’s disease rat model was shown to create a favorable microenvironment by elevating the expression of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, PDGF), enhancing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ) to amplify immune modulation effects in a synergistic manner and the combination treatment was more effective than monotherapies [128].