INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The chronic non-communicable diseases AD, CVD, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and chronic inflammation are the consequence of lifestyle factors that stimulate chronic excess insulin demand and secretion, termed hyperinsulinaemia [2,7,8,9,10,11].