GNPNAT1 and cancer: Figure 1A,B demonstrate high GNPNAT1 expression documented in various malignant tumors, including LUAD and LUSC. Additionally, an analysis of multiple datasets (GSE32863 [21], GSE40791 [22], GSE75037 [23] and GSE115002 [24]) revealed significantly higher GNPNAT1 expression in LUAD compared to normal tissues (Figure 1C–F). Immunohistochemistry further confirmed this finding, showing significantly stronger GNPNAT1 expression in LUAD tissues than in normal controls (Figure 1G,H).