Nevertheless, inflammatory mechanisms were shown to play a part in IPMN progression to adenocarcinoma: for example, elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β were found in fluid aspirated from IPMNs harboring high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma (in comparison to low-grade dysplasia) [31], and increased neutrophilic infiltration was noted in IPMNs transforming into cancer [32]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and carcinoma.