Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of different signaling cascades and pathways including polyol, PKC, hexosamine pathway, PARP, AGE, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Wnt, Hh pathway, MAPK, impaired insulin signaling, GSK3, NF-κB, COX, LOX, IL, neurotrophic and cellular signaling, TNF-α, autophagy, satellite glia cells, and Schwann cells that may be responsible for the etiopathogenesis of DN have been delivered. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.