DPP3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) also competes with NRF2 for KEAP1 in a similar manner, and a recent report demonstrated its high expression in ESCC cells; moreover, the knockdown of DPP3 rendered cells more susceptible to oxidative stress induced by cisplatin or paclitaxel [94,95].