Pathways affected by chronic cyclic HS included antigen processing and presentation, th1 and th2 cell differentiation, th17 cell differentiation, inflammatory bowel disease, chemokine signalling, bile secretion, protein digestion and absorption, PPAR signalling, and nitrogen metabolism, indicating a predominant impact on liver immune function, inflammatory response, and metabolism (Figure 6A). The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.