APOA1 and Abnormal renal physiology: Thus, patients with CKD have reduced levels of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), lecithin coenzyme cholesterol acyl-transferase (LCAT), and paraoxonase-1 (PON1), reducing the antioxidant function of HDL-c, while deficiency of LCAT is involved in the progression of CKD in individuals at an early stage of renal dysfunction [46].