IFNB1 and viral infectious disease: Triggered by various stimuli, including viral infections and nucleic ligands, IFN-1 production involves PRRs and cytoplasmic sensors like cGAS, activating transcription factors such as IRFs and NF-κB, culminating in IFN-α and IFN-β production and downstream signaling via IFNAR1/2 receptors [34,36,69,70].