Immunofluorescence staining exhibited that the nuclear translocation of AIFM1 increased in the HF cardiomyocytes, which could be reduced after treatment with blank-Exos; however, the nuclear translocation of AIFM1 was not obvious in HF cardiomyocytes treated with Nec-1-Exos (Fig. 5F). Here, PCSK1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.