TGF-β1 stimulates terminally differentiated alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces fibroblast-myofibroblast transition (FMT) of fibroblasts via both canonical and non-canonical signaling, resulting in activation of myofibroblasts, excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inhibition of ECM degradation [8, 10], and ultimately, pulmonary fibrosis and lung damage. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.