ISG15 and multiple sclerosis: Among these microglial phenotypes with the increased expression of inflammatory (CCL2/3/4, EGR2/3) and interferon-responsive (ISG15, IFIT1/3) profiles (Masuda et al, 2019; Sankowski et al, 2019; Olah et al, 2020; Tansley et al, 2022), as well as subpopulations with increased expression of heat-shock proteins and immediate–early genes, which are similar to microglia isolated from the white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis, we identified microglial phenotypes with increased expression of heat-shock proteins and immediate–early genes (Miedema et al, 2022).