INS and chronic kidney disease: The kidneys play a vital role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.[31,32] Moreover, insulin and insulin receptors are involved in renal function and the regulation of glucose homeostasis.[6–9] Insulin resistance is common in CKD.[6,33] At the same time, research showed that patients with CKD and T2DM had common risk factors, and CKD can increase the incidence of T2DM.[13] A cohort study showed that CKD was a substantial and independent indicator of T2DM (HR = 1.204, 95% CI: 1.11–1.31).[34]