ACTA2 and neoplasm: By analyzing gene expression markers, we successfully identified five cell types, namely inflammatory-like CAFs (iCAFs) (characterized by CXCL12, IL6), myofibroblast-like CAFs (myCAFs) (marked by ACTA2, COL1A1, MMP11), dividing CAFs (dCAFs) (identified by TUBA1B, MKI67), antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs) (noted by CD74, TMEM158, CLU), and tumor-promoting CAFs (tpCAFs) (characterized by TN5E, PDPN5, VEGFA) (Fig 5E) [43–46].