TXNIP and diabetes mellitus: Lu et al. [69] reported that vitamin D3 (233.3 U/kg body weight/week for 6 months) alleviates retinal inflammation by reducing ROS production (in the retinal vascular endothelium of rats), the activity of the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, retinal apoptosis, and retinal tissue damage, thereby ameliorating DM-related retinal damage.