HAVCR2 and hepatitis C virus infection: The mechanisms contributing to the immune non-response to the hepatitis B vaccine in hepatitis C include the involvement of Tim-3 (T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3) produced by monocytes, which is upregulated, resulting in an imbalance of IL-12/IL-23 (IL-12 inhibition and IL-23 enhancement) in the innate immune system and, consequently, accumulating Th17 in the adaptive immune system [18].