TYR and cancer: Although indicative significant differences were observed between all seven groups for TYR (p = 0.022, analysis of variation (ANOVA)), ORN (p = 0.026, ANOVA), and MET (p = 0.049, ANOVA) (Table S19), we chose to focus on the distinction between healthy controls and patients on active surveillance for diagnostic relevance, as no cancer treatment is provided during active surveillance.