TNF and Hyperglycemia: Counter-regulatory hormones (cortisol, catecholamines, glucagon, and growth hormone) disturb glucose hemostasis and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and worsen the metabolic milieu by causing insulin resistance in stress-induced hyperglycemia [70,71,72].