Respiratory viruses, double-stranded RNA, cigarette smoke extracts, and pro-inflammatory cytokines activate NF-κB20, which, in turn, stimulates the production of TSLP in patients with COPD, suggesting involvement of TSLP in the development and/or exacerbation of COPD and, thus, that TSLP can affect lung pathophysiology in both TH1- and TH2-related diseases [51]. This evidence concerns the gene TSLP and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.