Results showing the ability of intranasal insulin to activate Akt-kinase and to inhibit AMPK-alpha during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion are consistent with the more detailed study on the mechanism of the anti-autophagic and anti-apoptotic effect of insulin in cultured cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide; these data we obtained and published recently [36]. Here, INS is linked to Cerebral ischemia.