TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: These targets were selected as the NF-κB pathway activation represents a central convergence point for numerous cytokines and chemokines in T2DM [58], which increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α [59], resulting in a vicious cycle of chronic low-grade inflammation and upregulation of TGF-β, as a key mediator of cardiovascular fibrosis [60].