TNF and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Indeed, mRNA expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β were markedly increased in the DCM controls in parallel with immune cell infiltration and myocardial histopathology characterized by inter-fiber edema and prominent fibrosis (Figure 6), impacts that were significantly reduced by both interventions but to a greater extent by PD versus metformin treatment.