TNFSF10 and cancer: In TRAIL-resistant cancer cells, TRAIL can activate cell survival signal pathways, including IkB/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), PI3K/AKT (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and SRC-signal transduction and transcriptional activator 3 (STAT3) pathways (Figure 1B).