CASP3 and in situ carcinoma: The beneficial use of curcumin in this study to reduce CIS-mediated hepatotoxicity was suggested to be evidenced by its anti-inflammatory effect via its ability to eradicate the free radicals, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β); antiapoptotic effect through reducing the immune-expression of caspase-3; and antifibrotic effects as stated by previous studies (El-Gizawy et al., 2020; Louisa et al., 2023; He et al., 2006; Gao et al., 2022).