CXCR4 and glioblastoma: However, HIF-1α/VEGF immunoreactivity has been associated with other prognostic factors of GBM, including hypoxia-related deregulated miRNAs, necrosis, neo-angiogenesis, CA-IX, COX-2, Oct4, AKT, ADNP, M2 polarization, and CXCR4, as well as with hypoxia-independent prognostic factors, such as ALK related pathways (Fig. 2).