Previous studies have shown that increased urinary and plasma BTP concentrations were highly correlated with serum levels of creatinine and cystatin C. Many studies have compared its diagnostic efficacy with conventional CKD biomarkers, such as creatinine, cystatin C and ACR, disclosing that increases in serum and urinary BTP levels correlate strongly with creatinine and cystatin C (79–81). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and chronic kidney disease.