Notably, cofilin-1 emerges as a promising pathological biomarker in PCa tissues, offering insights into tumor progression, metastasis, and treatment outcomes (Lu et al., 2015; Stark et al., 2017; Kiełb et al., 2023; Sousa-Squiavinato and Morgado-Díaz, 2024). Here, CFL1 is linked to neoplasm.