IGF1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has been reported that obesity suppresses IGF‐1/AKT signaling owing to increased pro‐inflammatory cytokines and toxic lipid metabolites and increases muscle atrophy by allowing phosphorylated Smads to enter the nucleus and regulate MuRF1 and Atrogin1 transcription and active UPS (Glass, 2010; Ji et al., 2022; Mahfouz et al., 2014).