However, whether nature of the association between hepcidin and IBD remains controversial, with some investigations suggesting higher serum hepcidin concentrations in both UC and CD versus healthy individuals (Oustamanolakis et al., 2011), whereas others have depicted low hepcidin levels in children and adult with IBD (Arnold et al., 2009; Krawiec et al., 2017). The gene discussed is HAMP; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.