The effects of DPP-4 on bone health are underscored by its effects in generating proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), contributing to inflammatory processes mediated by adipose tissue macrophages, which are implicated in conditions ranging from obesity to osteoporosis [21]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.