The included hormones regulated by the pituitary-adrenal axis (i.e., adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], aldosterone and cortisol) and related diseases (e.g., Cushing’s syndrome and hyperaldosteronism) had no significant causal relationships with the risk of developing DVT, PE, or VTE (Fig. 3). Here, POMC is linked to deep vein thrombosis.