A study by Ma et al. involving 36 rabbits with induced AVN demonstrated that combining BMP-2 and VEGF-165 with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) during core decompression resulted in enhanced bone repair and vasculogenesis compared to other methods, highlighting the potent synergistic effects of BMP and VEGF in promoting differentiation and angiogenesis [91]. Here, VEGFA is linked to avascular necrosis.