HMOX1 and interstitial cystitis: In experiments using SV-HUC1 cells (TNFα-stimulated normal human urothelial cells), an in vitro model of bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis, administration of CBD was able to enhance the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 along with the expression of both the antioxidant enzymes, SOD 1 and 2 and the HO-1, potentially through the activation of the PPARγ receptor and attenuation of the NF-kB pathway [66].