Involved in cartilage repair is also miR-23a-3p specifically by suppression of PTEN and activation of the Akt signaling pathway in chondrocytes.34 One interesting recent discovery regarding the pathophysiology of RA, is the association of FLS-derived exosomal lncRNA and miRNA where the lncRNA tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) interacts with miR-27a-3p through sponging to upregulate the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 in chondrocytes. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.