Through the analysis of the gene expression of critical inflammation-related markers including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), activating transcription factor 3, proto-oncogene (ATF3), accelerated fibrosarcoma-1 (RAF-1), and suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 3 (SMAD3) to understand the molecular mechanism underpinning the protective role of hBMSC CM and its potential impact on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and atherosclerosis.