CALR and cholangiocarcinoma: There are several multifactorial mechanisms by which O. viverrini infection results in the development of cholangiocarcinoma, but one of the most important mechanisms is the release of parasite proteins (thioredoxins, proteases, transmembrane proteins, granulin-like proteins, and calreticulin) with oncogenic potential into the hepatobiliary ducts, leading to cell proliferation and generating a tumorigenic environment (12).