MDM2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the present study, the subject groups consisted of CN, T2D controls (without retinopathy), and individuals with DR (PDR and NPDR), for understanding the genetics of VEGFA -2578 C/A (rs699947), VEGFA -2549 I/D (rs35569394), VEGFA -7 C/T (rs25648), and MDM2 (rs3730485) gene promoter region polymorphisms with the risk of DR in a population from Punjab, Northwest India.