Enhanced synaptophysin as a direct effect of exogenous electrical stimulation has been demonstrated, where deep brain stimulation was shown to partially restore synaptophysin expression following global ischemia in rat cortical neurons.[38] Similarly, electrical stimulation via metal or printed conductive polymer pillar electrodes promotes synaptogenesis in primary rat cortical neurons.[39] and hNSCs,[36e] respectively. This evidence concerns the gene SYP and ischemia.